ARRLWeb: Broadband Over Power Line (BPL) and Amateur Radio

It Seems To Us: Now We Know
August 01, 2009 -- Now we know what the FCC didn’t want us to know, back in 2004, about its staff studies of interference to radio services from Broadband over Power Line (BPL) systems. It was only in response to an ARRL Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request, and then only after the rules had been rushed to adoption, that the Commission deigned to draw back the curtain to provide selective glimpses of its staff’s work.

FCC Continues BPL Debate
July 22, 2009 -- On July 17, the FCC issued a Request for Further Comment and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (FNPRM), addressing the issues remanded to them by the US Court of Appeals. In October 2007, the ARRL took the Commission to court concerning the Commission's Orders adopting rules governing broadband over power line (BPL) systems. In April 2008, the Court agreed with the ARRL on two major points and remanded the rules to the Commission. Writing for the three-judge panel of Circuit Judges Rogers, Tatel and Kavanaugh, Judge Rogers summarized: "The Commission failed to satisfy the notice and comment requirements of the Administrative Procedure Act ('APA') by redacting studies on which it relied in promulgating the rule and failed to provide a reasoned explanation for its choice of the extrapolation factor for measuring Access BPL emissions."

ARRL Seeks Court Action to Compel FCC to Comply with Ruling
June 26, 2009 -- On June 24, 2009, the ARRL filed a petition with the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit asking the Court to order the Federal Communications Commission to comply with the Court's 2008 decision that remanded the FCC's ruling on Access BPL for further action.

FCC Releases Unredacted BPL Case Studies after ARRL FOIA Request
May 8, 2009 -- Earlier this month, the FCC released the redacted portions of the studies on which they relied with regard to its Broadband over Powerline (BPL) rulemaking in 2004 after ARRL filed a Freedom of Information Act request on March 31 for the studies. In October 2007, the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit heard ARRL's case against the Commission, stating, among other things, that the FCC not only withheld the internal studies until it was too late to comment, but had yet to release portions of studies that may not support its own conclusions regarding BPL. The FCC claimed that the studies were "internal communications" that it did not rely upon in reaching its decision to adopt the BPL rules. In its April 2008 ruling, the Court ordered the FCC to release the studies.

ARRL Comments on FCC's Proposed Establishment of Rural Broadband Plan
March 28, 2009 -- On March 10, 2009, the FCC invited comments via a Public Notice concerning the establishment of a comprehensive rural broadband strategy as part of the Department of Agriculture's Food, Conservation and Energy Act of 2008, commonly known as the 2008 Farm Bill. Per the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Recovery Act), Congress required the FCC to develop a "comprehensive national broadband plan." According to the FCC, they, Congress, and the Secretary of Agriculture "have repeatedly recognized the importance of ensuring access to advanced telecommunications and information services to all Americans, with a special focus on rural and hard-to-serve areas." The proceeding provided an opportunity for the ARRL to express its concerns about broadband over power lines (BPL) that the FCC has yet to satisfactorily address.

FCC Has Done "Literally Nothing" to Comply with Court Ruling
March 4, 2009 -- On February 25 -- 10 months to the day that the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit released its decision on the ARRL's Petition for Review of the FCC's Orders adopting rules governing broadband over power line (BPL) systems -- ARRL General Counsel, Chris Imlay, W3KD, sent a letter to FCC Acting Chairman Michael Copps, requesting that the Commission "revisit the BPL rules without further delay, and to comply with the obligations placed on it by the Court." In its April 2008 decision, the Court agreed with the ARRL on two major points and remanded the rules to the Commission. According to Imlay, "to date, literally nothing has been done by the Commission to comply with these instructions."

IEEE to Form Balloting Group on BPL EMC Standard
February 13, 2009 -- The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has been developing standards for Broadband over Power Line (BPL) use and deployment. ARRL Lab Manager Ed Hare has prepared a report that outlines other problems he sees in the present draft of the standard. According to ARRL Lab Manager and IEEE member Ed Hare, W1RFI, there are three IEEE standards in progress at this time. The first, P1675, covers installation and safety practices and should be published soon. The second, P1901, is focused mostly on BPL protocols and interoperability between various BPL systems. ARRL has no direct interest in either of these standards. The third standard -- P1775 -- covers the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) aspects of BPL emissions testing and the immunity of BPL systems. Hare, as a member of the IEEE's P1775 BPL EMC Standards Working Group, has participated in the development of this standard from the very first meeting held in Denver, Colorado in 2004.

FCC Reports Decline in BPL Customers
January 19, 2009 -- On January 16, 2009, the Federal Communications Commission released data, as of December 31, 2007, on the services used for high-speed Internet access in the United States. According to the data collected by the FCC, as of that date there were 121.2 million high-speed lines (including wireless), a 20 percent increase in just six months.

**2008 articles**
Date	Title
November 12, 2008	IBM Teams up with BPL Provider to Offer Services in Seven States On Wednesday, November 12, IBM announced that it has signed a $9.6 million deal with International Broadband Electric Communications (IBEC) to install equipment and provide BPL service to almost 350,000 homes in Alabama, Indiana, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, and Wisconsin.
October 16, 2008	City of Manassas Takes Over BPL System from Private Company Late last month, the Manassas, Virginia City Council voted 4-2 to assume control of the Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) service from the private company that serves approximately 675 residents. As a result of the vote, the City of Manassas will now have to use monies from the utility's ratepayers to fund the service and recoup the cost from the subscribers.
July 28, 2008	UKQRM - Yahoo! Group formed to fight against BPL A YahooGroup list has been formed to discuss interference to HF shortwave broadcast in the United Kingdom. British Telecom is providing in-premise BPL modems to its customers, with a growing number of interference complaints to shortwave.
July 15, 2008	ARRL, FCC, Meet in Washington to Discuss BPL Remand On July 9, ARRL officials -- President Joel Harrison, W5ZN; Chief Executive Officer David Sumner, K1ZZ, and General Counsel Chris Imlay, W3KD -- met with members of the FCC's Office of Engineering and Technology to discuss the recent US Court of Appeals decision regarding broadband over power lines (BPL). In that case, the Court agreed with the ARRL on two major points and remanded the rules to the Commission. According to Imlay, the meeting was convened to discuss "a possible regulatory approach" to BPL with the FCC.
July 14, 2008	Court of Appeals: FCC Must Reimburse Fees from BPL Challenge The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit has ordered that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) reimburse ARRL for the docketing fee and the cost of reproducing copies of briefs and appendices in the ARRL's successful challenge of the FCC's broadband over power line (BPL) rules. The Order, issued on July 9 following review of an opposition from the FCC and a reply from the ARRL, awarded the ARRL's full claim of $6,096.18.
May 2, 2008	Newspaper Reports "BPL plan is dead in Dallas" The Dallas Morning News has reported that "an ambitious plan for using power lines to deliver fast Internet service to 2 million Dallas-area homes collapsed Thursday." Current Group, LLC has announced plans to sell its Dallas BPL network to Oncor, a regulated electric distribution and transmission business, for $90 million.
April 25, 2008	Court Finds FCC Violated Administrative Procedure Act in BPL Decision The US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit today released its decision on the ARRL's Petition for Review of the FCC's Orders adopting rules governing broadband over power line (BPL) systems. The Court agreed with the ARRL on two major points and remanded the rules to the Commission. Writing for the three-judge panel of Circuit Judges Rogers, Tatel and Kavanaugh, Judge Rogers summarized: "The Commission failed to satisfy the notice and comment requirements of the Administrative Procedure Act ('APA') by redacting studies on which it relied in promulgating the rule and failed to provide a reasoned explanation for its choice of the extrapolation factor for measuring Access BPL emissions."
April 1, 2008	It Seems to Us: Imaginary Numbers One of the most frustrating aspects of dealing with the issue of radio interference from broadband over power line (BPL) technology has been the irrational boosterism of the federal government.
February 23, 2008	Draft PLT regulations published in government gazette South African regulator ICASA had published a notice of intention to make regulations in respect of Technical standards for Power Line Telecommunications (also known as BPL) in the Government Gazette with a response date of 6 March 2008.
February 6, 2008	"Source" Disavows Inflated NTIA BPL Figure The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) report "Networked Nation: Broadband in America 2007" released on January 31, 2008 includes the following: "Reliable BPL [broadband over power lines] subscribership figures are difficult to find. The FCC's most recent data identify fewer than 5,000 BPL customers as of yearend 2006. That figure appears low, however. TIA [The Telecommunications Industry Association] estimates 200,000 current BPL subscribers…"
February 1, 2008	NTIA report on Broadband in America 2007 inflates BPL figures David Sumner, K1ZZ ARRL Chief Executive Officer highlights the distortions with regard to the polluting BPL technology that appeared in the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) report 'Networked Nation: Broadband in America 2007'.

**2007 articles**
Date	Title
December 1, 2007	Aurora Pulls The Plug on BPL (Australia) "ABC news reported today that Tasmanian electricity retailer, Aurora Energy, is planning to end its Tasmanian BPL trial. The Aurora Chief Executive, Peter Davis, is reported to have said that Aurora's BPL trial 'does not have the resources to maintain its viability', and 'certainly it hasn't been a good money-making exercise for Aurora'. Aurora spent about $2 million since the inception of the trial in 2004, and during that time has seriously addressed the interference aspects of BPL with some success. However at the end of the day it appears that the economics in an increasingly competitive environment just didn't stack up for BPL in Tasmania."
December 1, 2007	Aurora Cuts Communications (Australia) "Aurora Energy announced last Tuesday that is was pulling the plug (no pun intended) on its BPL trial in Hobart and Burnie, Tasmania.Aurora's announcement follows two similar announcements in the United States by Austin Energy in Austin, Texas and by Duke Energy in North Carolina.Aurora in their press release stated that they were shifting their focus to fibre to deliver high speed communications around the State."
November 28, 2007	Aurora shifts focus to fibre in telecommunications strategy Aurora Energy has announced a significant shift in its telecommunications business, to build on major successes in optical fibre activities which are delivering high speed communications around the State. As a result of increasing competition and the rapidly changing national policy position for retail telecommunications, Aurora is to divest its involvement with the local retailer TasTel and conclude its Broadband over Powerlines initiative.
November 14, 2007	FCC "Admonishes" Ambient over BPL Issues The FCC, in a letter to Yehuda Cern, Chief Engineer for Ambient Corporation, concluded their investigation into whether Ambient's BPL operation caused "harmful interference" to Amateur Radio stations in Briarcliff Manor, New York. The Commission found that "Ambient's BPL operation has violated the radiated emission limits of Section 15.109" of the FCC Rules "and the terms of its experimental license, call sign WD2XEQ." The FCC's letter went on to say that "we hereby admonish Ambient." No findings were made, however, as to whether or not the system actually caused interference to Amateur Radio, and the Enforcement Bureau left open the issue of future experimental BPL operations at Briarcliff Manor.
November 5, 2007	FCC Releases Broadband Report The FCC has released their latest report summarizing the state of broadband in the US as of December 2006. It shows that in December 2006, Internet-access BPL has increased slightly over December 2005, but also shows that it has been decreasing slightly from a peak that occurred sometime around mid-2006. According to the report, BPL ended up with a deployment total of 0.006 percent of the total broadband lines in the US, compared to 0.011 percent at the end of December 2005.
October 25, 2007	ARRL Faces FCC in Federal Court over BPL Issues On Tuesday, October 23, the ARRL faced the Federal Communications Commission in the US Court of Appeals over the continuing debate concerning harmful interference to licensed radio services from unlicensed Broadband over Powerline (BPL) systems. BPL is the delivery of broadband Internet communications using unshielded electrical wiring to conduct high-speed digital signals to homes and businesses. BPL systems are designed to conduct RF energy through unshielded, medium voltage power lines, using some or all of the HF spectrum between 1.7-80 MHz. At those frequencies on unshielded overhead power lines, the electrical wiring not only conducts the signals, it radiates them very efficiently for very substantial distances from the power lines.
September 5, 2007	NATO Group Releases Report on BPL The Information Systems Technology group, part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) Research and Technology Organization (RTO), released their report, HF Interference, Procedures and Tools (RTO-TR-IST-050), in June. This report "address[es] the concerns raised by the potential for unintentional radio interference to be caused by the widespread operation of broadband wire-line telecommunications systems."
September 1, 2007	Draft PLT regulations under the spotlight "South African regulator ICASA has asked the EMC workgroup of the STANSA TC73 and TC80 committees to come up with draft regulations for type approval of PLT (also known as BPL) equipment as an interim measure. . . The South African Radio League (SARL) is represented at the Workgroup and has made its input. There is much ongoing debate and unhappiness about the SARL's demands that all Amateur Radio HF frequencies be notched at the time of installation. In particular the vendors of PLT equipment would only like to notch when an interference complaint is received. The SARL's view is that Radio Amateurs are licensed to operate on HF and that their rights should be protected."
Aug 30, 2007	FCC Issues Two Citations in Longstanding Power Line Noise Case -- The Federal Communication Commission's Dallas Field Office issued Citations on July 25 to two utilities in a longstanding power line noise case in Lubbock, Texas. Bryan Edwards, W5KFT, of Lubbock, first reported the interference concerning the two involved utilities, Lubbock Power & Light (LP&L) and Xcel Energy, as early as 1994.
August 16, 2007	DirecTV Announces Plan to Provide Service via BPL According to the August 15 edition of The Wall Street Journal, "Satellite-television provider DirecTV announced a wholesale agreement today with Current Group to provide high-speed Internet service over electric-power lines," otherwise known as broadband over powerlines (BPL). . . ARRL Laboratory Manager Ed Hare, W1RFI, commented, "ARRL and Current have communicated regularly over the past few years. Current has been an early leader in carefully choosing its design to avoid interference to Amateur Radio. They don't operate below 30 MHz on overhead lines at all, and use HomePlug technology, which doesn't use the ham bands, in customers' premises. To date, ARRL has no Amateur Radio interference reports involving Current or HomePlug equipment."
August 15, 2007	BPL Industry Representative Appointed to ARRL EMC Committee ARRL President Joel Harrison, W5ZN, has appointed Brent Zitting, KB4SL, of Huntsville, Alabama, to serve on ARRL's ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Committee. Zitting, a 25-year ARRL member, is employed by IBEC, a BPL manufacturer and integrator located in Huntsville, Alabama. The EMC Committee, chaired by Roanoke Division Director Dennis Bodson, W4PWF, consists of representatives from various industries that are interested in helping ARRL effectively and appropriately work with industry on interference issues.
August 2, 2007	ARRL Files Objection to Ambient's BPL Experimental Authorization Renewal Request -- On July 25, the ARRL filed an Informal Objection to Ambient Corporation's request for a renewal of their nationwide experimental authorization that allows them to operate broadband over power line (BPL) operations anywhere in the country they choose. Ambient has been operating its BPL equipment under experimental authorizations for more than five years, an unusual amount of time for an experimental authorization.
July 26, 2007	FCC Commissioner Lauds BPL in House Testimony; ARRL Responds -- On July 24, FCC Commissioner Jonathan S. Adelstein testified at a House Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet hearing that "three of the many urgent priorities we face" include the need for "a national broadband strategy to ensure the ubiquitous deployment of affordable, high speed broadband infrastructure to this country." FCC Chairman Kevin Martin and Commissioners Tate, McDowell and Copps testified as well at the "Oversight of the Federal Communications Commission" hearing.
July 6, 2007	FCC Responds to ARRL's BPL Brief -- Earlier this week, the FCC filed its reply brief with the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. The FCC attempted to rebut the ARRL's challenge to the FCC's Broadband over Power Line (BPL) rules enacted in late 2004 and affirmed by the agency in 2006. According to ARRL General Counsel Chris Imlay, W3KD, "The FCC's brief does not accurately describe ARRL's arguments concerning harmful interference."
July 1, 2007	It Seems to Us: ARRL v. FCC On May 17, attorneys representing the ARRL filed the initial brief in support of our petition for judicial review of the FCC's flawed rules governing Access Broadband over Power Line (BPL) systems. This is an important step on the road to what we hope will be a favorable decision by the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
June 26, 2007	ARRL Staffers Meet in Geneva to Discuss BPL, Handbook ARRL Chief Executive Officer David Sumner, K1ZZ just finished up a meeting of International Telecommunication Union-Radio Communication Sector (ITU-R) Working Party 1A (WP 1A) in Geneva, Switzerland. This group, responsible for spectrum engineering techniques within Study Group 1 (spectrum management), worked on a document that may eventually become what's called a "preliminary draft new report" on the impact of power line telecommunications (PLT, or BPL on this side of the Atlantic) on radiocommunication systems operating below 80 MHz.
June 24, 2007	PLT IS NOT AN ACCEPTABLE SYSTEM WHILE INTERFERENCE TO HF IS POTENTIALLY HIGH This was the message that the SARL delivered to the Broadband Conference held at the Sandton Convention Centre during the past week.
June 15, 2007	Senate Bill Calls on FCC to Investigate BPL Interference Potential -- Sen Mark Pryor of Arkansas filed a bill yesterday in the US Senate calling on the Federal Communications Commission to conduct a study on the interference caused by broadband Internet transmission over power lines, otherwise known as BPL. Sen Pryor is a member of the Senate's Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.
June 1, 2007	ARRL to FCC: Shut Down "Grossly Noncompliant" Ambient BPL Pilot Project The ARRL has again demanded that the FCC shut down Ambient Corporation's broadband over power line (BPL) pilot project in Briarcliff Manor, New York. On May 21 the FCC called on the BPL equipment maker and system operator to demonstrate it's complying with all terms of the Part 5 Experimental license authorizing the system, or face possible enforcement action. In a May 31 letter to FCC Spectrum Enforcement Division Chief Kathryn S. Berthot, ARRL General Counsel Chris Imlay, W3KD, contended that it's "long past time that the Commission enforce its own rules," and again objected to the Commission's "inexplicable inaction" in the face of evidence the system is noncompliant. Imlay pointed out that the FCC's May 21 letter made no mention of Condition #1 of Ambient's Part 5 Experimental license.
May 24, 2007	ARRL Files Federal Appeals Court Brief in Petition for Review of BPL Rules The ARRL has filed a federal appeals court brief outlining its case and requesting oral arguments in its petition for review of the FCC's broadband over power line (BPL) rules. The League has petitioned the US Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit to review the FCC's October 2004 Report and Order (R&O) in ET Docket 04-37 and its 2006 Memorandum Opinion and Order. In its brief filed May 17, the ARRL contends, among other things, that the FCC's actions in adopting rules to govern unlicensed BPL systems fundamentally alter the longstanding rights of radio spectrum licensees, including Amateur Radio operators.
May 23, 2007	FCC Demands Ambient Demonstrate Compliance with BPL License Conditions The FCC has called on BPL equipment manufacturer Ambient Corporation to demonstrate that it's complying with all terms of its Part 5 Experimental license or face possible enforcement action. Ambient operates the Briarcliff Manor, New York, BPL pilot program under Experimental license WD2XEQ. In a May 21 letter to Ambient Chief Engineer Yehuda Cern, FCC Spectrum Enforcement Division Chief Kathryn S. Berthot noted that the FCC is investigating ARRL complaints dating back to 2006 that Ambient's Briarcliff Manor BPL system has caused and continues to cause harmful interference to Amateur Radio stations. She said Ambient's most recent six-month report failed to address one condition of its Part 5 license relating to emission measurements to prove compliance.
April 24, 2007	Motorola Suspends Powerline LV BPL Development Motorola has taken what it has learned from the development of its access BPL Powerline LV BPL systems and focuses that experience in its in-premise BPL application. Its Powerline MU system will be marketed primarily to multi-unit environments. This system will use the same Amateur band notching as was implemented successfully in Motorola's Powerline LV system.
April 15, 2007	*CES Not Just for Consumers (QST* magazine, "Eclectic Technology")** ARRL meets with HomePlug officials at the 2007 Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. "ARRL Laboratory Supervisor Ed Hare, W1RFI, knows HomePlug well. 'ARRL has a long-standing cooperative relationship with HomePlug,' Hare said, "helping them to make the decision not to use the amateur bands in their product specification. This has been a successful model. Over the past 7 years, even though there are over 6 million HomePlug devices deployed, ARRL does not have a single report of harmful interference to Amateur Radio involving HomePlug products. If the entire BPL industry could follow their lead and formally do what HomePlug has determined needs to be done, interference from BPL could become a manageable problem.'"
March 7, 2007	Cooperation Rules as Radio Amateurs "Down Under" Confront BPL Interference "It was a scenario unlikely to be played out anytime soon in the US: The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA), radio amateurs and a broadband over power line (BPL) provider worked hand-in-hand to measure background noise and emissions at a BPL trial site. ACMA's late February visit was in response to a BPL interference complaint from Ian Paul, VK3LJJ. Wireless Institute of Australia (WIA) Director Phil Wait, VK2DKN, was on hand for the field tests at the Mt Beauty BPL pilot in Victoria."
March 2, 2007	Concord BPL Update "It's been learned that negotiations between Concord Municipal Light Plant and PowerGrid Communications of Meridian, Idaho have hit a snag, according to one official with the town's utility. He reports that Concord Municipal Light Plant has gone through several iterations with PowerGrid, but they have been unable to come up with a plan that 'ends with a positive cash flow.'"
February 13, 2007	BPL Study Bill Gains Cosponsors "A bill in the US House of Representatives calling on the FCC to study the interference potential of broadband over power line (BPL) technology and report its findings back to Congress has gained two cosponsors, its sponsor, US Rep Mike Ross, WD5DVR (D-AR), reports. They are US Rep Steve Israel (D-NY) and US Rep Ron Paul (R-TX)."
February 7, 2007	ARRL Seeks to Force FCC to Produce Documents on BPL Complaint Dismissals "The ARRL has filed a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request seeking to compel the FCC to provide several documents related to its dismissal of several broadband over power line (BPL) interference complaints from radio amateurs in Manassas, Virginia. The FCC on December 14 told five Manassas radio amateurs that it was throwing out their complaints, asserting that its measurements last October 25 and 26 showed the Manassas BPL system to be in compliance. The ARRL has disputed the FCC's findings . . ."
February 1, 2007	League Criticizes FCC Chairman for Perpetuating BPL Service Myth ARRL criticized FCC Chairman Kevin Martin for using outdated, misleading BPL-industry-supplied information in FCC's testimony to Congress. In the 2006 map fed to the FCC by the United Power Line Council, there were a number of BPL cities shown that have been shut down for as long as a couple of years. Subsequent to ARRL calling this to the FCC's attention, Comparing the new map provided by UPLC to the old shows that the number of BPL installations in the US is a significantly smaller number than they told the Chairman.
January 18, 2007	Bill Seeks BPL Interference Study, Report to Congress US Rep Mike Ross, WD5DVR (D-AR), has introduced a bill in the 110th Congress calling on the FCC to study the interference potential of broadband over power line (BPL) technology and report its findings back to Congress. One of two radio amateurs in the House, Ross submitted the "Emergency Amateur Radio Interference Protection Act of 2007" (HR 462) on January 12.
January 11, 2007	Brazilian power company launches BPL pilot project According to media reports, Brazilian power distributor Eletropaulo plans to begin testing broadband over power line (BPL) Internet service in São Paulo, Brazil. Eletropaulo reportedly has been conducting BPL lab tests for the past three years. The reports indicate that the utility now considers BPL to have reached the point where it's economically viable to offer it to residential users.
January 10, 2007	BPL System Could Be Deployed In Concord "This is a DS2-chipset system made by Corinex. Such a system has been recently installed in Houston, Texas, operated by CenterPoint, the electric utility. Although there was one complaint to a home Amateur station, it was quickly resolved by notching the Amateur bands. At this point, in Houston the Amateur bands are notched in the entire system. I evaluated the Houston system a few months ago and found that with good communication between hams and the BPL operator and careful operation and notching, it is possible to operate a DS2-based BPL system without major interference problems. The same cooperation exists in Concord." - Ed Hare W1RFI

Broadband Over Power Line (BPL) and Amateur Radio

2007 and 2008 News and Updates -- Amateur Radio